"Then he took off the dress of a Roman emperor and took to wearing a lion skin and carrying a club in his hand."This magnificent sculpture of Commodus as Hercules was discovered in 1874 in an underground chamber in the Horti Lamiani (the gardens of Lucius Aelius Lamia, which likely had become imperial property by the time of Tiberius). It was accompanied by two sea creatures in a composition symbolizing his apotheosis of the emperor. The statue of Lunense marble can be dated to the very end of the emperor's life, sometime between AD 191 and 192.Subjected to damnatio memoriae upon his death, which meant the destruction of all his images and citations, it might be that the bust was hidden deliberately and thereby preserved.
Herodian, History of the Empire (XIV.8)
I've had a couple of emails and I've been thinking about my imminent return to University so this post will ponder the meaning of the title above. The first was from a Facebook group who are currently campaigning to keep Classics in the Scottish curriculum.While this is a worthy fight (for reasons that will be explained later), my first thought was 'who are the lucky bastards who got to study it in high school anyway?'.Education in Scotland has always belittled the value of Classics as a subject and I certainly didn't have access to Classics, languages or literature during my education. This was most apparent at University were there were very very few Scottish Students in our department. The fortunate few who do have access to it are now in danger of having them expelled (!) from the curriculum during the changes brought in by the Curriculum for Excellence.
The Facebook group has caught the attention of the Glasgow Herald:
Exams in Latin and Classical Studies in Scottish schools are facing the axe as part of a wider shake-up of qualifications.
The Scottish Qualifications Authority (SQA) is considering cutting stand-alone entry level qualifications in the subjects, partly because of the historically low uptake in secondary schools. Currently, pupils can sit the subjects at the most basic level of Standard Grade – known as Foundation level – but under an ongoing review of exams that would no longer be possible. Although there are no plans to change qualifications at more advanced levels – such as Higher and Advanced Higher – teachers have angrily opposed the move. They argue entry level qualifications are vital to engage pupils of lower academic ability in state schools. In turn, these additional pupils make courses for more advanced candidates more viable, particularly at a time of budget cuts. A Facebook page with more than 400 followers has already been set up to protect Latin and Classical Studies qualifications. And letters of protest are also being sent to Michael Russell, the Education Secretary, and Janet Brown, chief executive of the SQA.
Yesterday, John Kerr, a teacher from Lanark Grammar, who is at the forefront of the campaign, argued that minority subjects should be nurtured by the SQA and made available to pupils of all abilities. Speaking in a personal capacity, he said: “The proposals mean there will be no progression in Classical Studies and Latin for many pupils and, as a consequence, many pupils of lower ability will be denied the opportunity to progress in this subject, in contrast to their higher ability peers. “This has also the potential not only to exacerbate divisions within schools, but also to heighten differences in the breadth of curricular opportunities available in the state and private sectors. It seems very wrong.” Kerr also questioned the SQA’s role in “directly seeking to influence” the curricular structure of schools, rather than simply being involved in the administration of exams. John McKie, former head of Classics at Hutchesons’ Grammar School in Glasgow, who now compiles crosswords for The Herald, also attacked the move. “It is wrong for the SQA to be considering cutting courses in this way. The organisation has a responsibility to protect and champion subjects such as these because they are so important.” However, a spokesman for the SQA said careful consideration was being given to the future of Latin and Classical Studies and no decisions had yet been made. “The SQA has robust and considered approaches to deciding which qualifications should be developed and it is this process which is currently under way,” he said. The spokesman said the SQA was proposing a new broad-based language qualification at the lower levels of study, through which pupils could study Latin on its own, or in combination with other languages. “These proposals aim to meet the needs of all learners and, potentially, raise the uptake of the Classics,” he added. “The suggested broad-based language course provides a new and alternative progression route for young people who would learn at different rates and in different ways.”
The second was from the OH regarding today's reportage concerning a very generous gift left to the University of Glasgow by the late Professor Douglas MacDowell. I had the pleasure of attending one of the last papers Professor MacDowell gave at the 2009 Classical Association conference on Apollodorus' first case (Demosthenes 52).
Professor Douglas MacDowell left the money in his will to Glasgow University on the basis that it is used to reintroduce his old position of Professorship of Greek. The job was mothballed when he stepped down nine years ago. Professor MacDowell died in hospital of kidney failure aged 78 in January this year but the details of his will totalling £2,157,176.28 have just been revealed. As well as expressing shock at the reportedly modest-living professor’s wealth, classics experts say the return of the post will be a welcome boost. Alan Milligan, 53, a classics teacher at the High School of Glasgow, and his wife Dr Susan Milligan, 51, from the Classical Association of Scotland, both studied under the professor. Mr Milligan said: “The classics chair is one of the oldest at Glasgow University. It will be great to have that tradition kept up.” Dr Milligan said: “It will give the subject a great boost. It never stopped being taught but there wasn’t a specific chair of it. “He [Mr MacDowell] was absolutely dedicated and was a superb teacher and scholar. “Nobody would have guessed he had a huge amount of wealth.” London-born Mr MacDowell lived a modest lifestyle in a £100,000 flat near the university in Glasgow’s Byres Road. He drove a £1,228 car and his furniture and personal belongings were valued at just £2,767 after his death. The bulk of his riches were made up of stocks and shares including £115,000 of BP shares and £82,000 of shares in mining.
So it would appear amongst the many other problems that Humanities are facing financially and that funding is lacking generally at all levels. These two stories show that at both ends of the spectrum from the very beginnings of teaching Classics to the distinguished position of Chair, that no one is safe and the future looks dark indeed. At least people are prepared to fight and act. At the same time as I was thinking about both of these pieces another blog post came to my attention. A very good post that says it all really:
(Taken from ProvokingtheMuse)
5 Reasons to be a Classicist...
In this age, education is supposed to be “useful”. No one says this outright, but it is true. High school is nothing more than preparation for college, and college is nothing more than job training.
Because that is the dominant educational theory, I am constantly forced to justify my existence as a Latin teacher. Frankly, I’m getting a little sick of it.
On the other hand, this constant need for defense has helped me answer some important questions: why teach Latin? Why be a Classicist?
So, in the hopes of justifying myself to the world, and inspiring any budding Classicists, here is a list of reasons why you should study Latin and ancient Greek.
N.B.: In college and universities, Classics refers to the period of time in Europe and the Near East from circa 1194 BC until circa AD 476; i.e., the Trojan War until the fall of the Roman Empire. Obviously, there is a ridiculous amount of things to study between those dates, so this post will be limited to what you would learn by taking Classics courses in high school or college. Don’t think for a moment that one blog post can cover everything you can learn from studying Classics!
1. Speak English Better: because of Latin, my command of the English language is excellent and precise.
Learning Latin vastly increases your knowledge of the English language. By learning Latin vocabulary, you begin to understand from where over half of the English language originates. Thus, if you are taking the SATs or ACTs and you happen across a word you don’t recognize, you can use your knowledge of Latin (and Greek!) to breakdown the word into parts and to determine its meaning. Having taught some ESL students this past year, I can’t tell you how useful and important this skill is to have.
Furthermore, having to learn Latin grammar also helps you better appreciate English grammar. In order to translate Latin correctly, you must understand grammar concepts such as mood, tense, case, and person. Does any non-Classicist know what the subjunctive is? How about the pluperfect? Ablative? Perhaps some do, after they have studied a modern language for a few years. But in Latin and Greek, you need to know such things after the first SEMESTER. Learning the precise meaning of a passage in Latin helps you apply that same precision to your English.
2. Become a Better Student: because of Latin and Greek, I became a better student.
Latin students are accustomed to work hard and to spend a good deal of time studying; so, even if they give up the Classics when they go to college or graduate school, they are still ready and willing to work. I’ve seen Latin students in other classes less willing than their peers to give up on a difficult concept; again, I think this goes to the incredible work ethic a Classics student must develop, and which is soon applied to all their endeavors.
3. Become More Ambitious: because of Latin and Greek, I became more ambitious.
Suetonius tells the story that C. Julius Caesar, while quaestor in Spain, saw a statue of Alexander the Great and sighed. He wept because, by his age, Alexander had already conquered the world; so, Caesar soon left for Rome, and the rest is history. Studying Classics means that you also study the lives and history of some of the greatest men and women who have walked this planet. You cannot help but be inspired to work harder and to accomplish more.
In my own experience, I credit the Classics for helping me be more than a typical American college student. I know I studied and read more than my peers (so that I could get better grades), and also I participated in more extracurricular activities (so that I could become famous on campus) than most. I did much more in college than I would have done otherwise because of Latin.
However…
4. Become Properly Ambitious: because of Latin and Greek, I didn’t become TOO ambitious.
In studying the Classics, you see the rise and fall of great men and women. You understand why Caesar was assassinated but Augustus lived to old age. You see the machinations of Cicero as he tried to steer Rome back to a republic while also becoming famous. You understand why Alcibiades ought to be criticized. In short, you understand the proper place of ambition, and that it should not be unlimited.
After a year of being Alcibiades and seeking nothing but honor and glory from my peers, I toned it down my senior year and became much more of a Cincinnatus figure. I quit a few things and focused my activity on what was important to me and to my alma mater. I was much happier, and I got along better with my friends and peers.
5. Become a Better Person: because of Latin and Greek, I am a better person.
The one constant in all ancient works that I have read is virtue. Fundamentally, I think every Classical work attempts to answer the question, how ought we to live? The philosophers answer this question obviously; but poets, dramatists, and historians also answer this question, in their own ways. You, too, begin to wonder about the good life: are you a Stoic? Platonist? Aristotelian? Epicurean? In The Iliad, who is more right, Agamemnon or Achilles? Why does St. John echo The Apology of Socrates in some of the language he uses in his Gospel? You wonder at these questions, you answer them, and then you begin to live them.

4 comments:
Hi Fran
Mmm, I must say I disagree with this chap on his first point. Needless to say, I'm all in favour of teaching classics at school, but not for made up reasons! As Juan once said, you will never find reasons why studying classics is useful, and you will always lose your argument. The only "good reason" for studying classics (or history of art, or literature etc.) is that it's fun. It's beautiful and it gives you access to amazing literature in its original languages. That should be enough. Making unsubstantiated claims about the effects of learning Latin and pretty silly generalizations about non-classicist is never gonna help you.
He says:
Learning Latin vastly increases your knowledge of the English language.
Well, it clearly did not teach him that statement of facts should be backed up by evidence. What proof does he have that this is the case? I've done a quick google scholar search and found an article with a (brief) review of the literature on the effect of the study of Latin on the vocabulary of native speakers of English. Although some studies seem to show beneficial effects, none of these studies are rigorous enough to be considered conclusive. In fact, this article shows the benefits of learning Spanish, so maybe modern romance languages may work just as well as Latin in this respect.
But my main problem is with the next para:
"Furthermore, having to learn Latin grammar also helps you better appreciate English grammar. In order to translate Latin correctly, you must understand grammar concepts such as mood, tense, case, and person. Does any non-Classicist know what the subjunctive is? How about the pluperfect? Ablative? Perhaps some do, after they have studied a modern language for a few years. But in Latin and Greek, you need to know such things after the first SEMESTER. "
None of this is true. You do not need Latin to know or appreciate English grammar. You need a course in English grammar for that. If knowledge of grammar is what you're after, you're much better off teaching it in reference to a language that your students know just as well as you do. It's quite funny that when he considers the possibility that other people may know what a subjunctive is he doesn't even mention people who have studied English! And how dare he assume that non-classicists don't know what a subjunctive is! Based on what he says I could just as well ask myself if any classicist has ever heard of linguistics!
I'm also not sure where on earth he got the idea that it takes you a few years to learn grammar terms if you're doing a modern language. When I studied Spanish at Uni we'd done most Spanish grammar by the end of the first semester (yes, including the subjunctive!).
Anyway, Ill post my comments on his blog as well, it'll be interesting to see what he thinks!
manuela
Cunningham, T. H. and Graham C. R. (2000) 'Increasing native English vocabulary recognition through Spanish immersion: Cognate transfer from foreign to first language". Journal of Educational Psychology, 92(1), 37-49.
I knew the moment I hit 'publish' I'd be in for trouble with this one. "Never argue with a linguist on linguistic matters" is sage advice that I will pass on to my kids one day when I am old(-er) and wise(-er). The piece from the blog is very crudely written but I had just put it down to being of Transatlantic origin which is very bad of me.
I will say one thing in defence of the piece though because for all its faults it did resonate with the linguistic experiences that I've had. During my education, modern languages weren't available to me at high school (I briefly dabbled in French but as it was an optional class I dropped it in favour of music). So when it came to learning languages properly the first ones I encountered were Ancient Greek and Latin. Perhaps because of shitty schooling in the first place, I felt that I did learn and understand the intricacies of the English better. It is shameful that I first heard of the subjunctive as a fully frown adult with kids! I agree with everything you said but I feel that it is the way that English is taught, certainly in the Scottish educational system that is at fault and I'm glad that Classics taught me English 'better' as he puts it.
I also think that I was a pretty good person before learning the Classics as well, lol. I'll keep an eye out for a response from him as it would be interesting what he has to say on this.
ahaha, I think the golden rule is never mess with a linguist who's lived with Juan for 4 years and has learned pedantry from the master!
He is extremely good at it!
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